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pav-90 [236]
1 year ago
7

When an animal receives a vaccine, about how long will it take before the aniimal's immune system will protect the animal from d

isease?
Medicine
1 answer:
pantera1 [17]1 year ago
8 0

Vaccinations cause organisms to develop active immunity. The immunity that occurs when an organism's immune system is actively producing antibodies against an encountered antigen is known as active immunity. Weakened antigens are given to the organism through vaccination, which causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it. This antigen exposure and antibody release results in lifetime immunity to that specific antigen. It takes the animal about two weeks to develop immunity to the vaccination after it is administered.

<h3>What is animal Vaccination?</h3>

Animal vaccination is the vaccination of livestock, or wild animals. The practice is related to veterinary medicine. The first invented animal vaccine was developed in 1879 by Louis Pasteur against chicken his cholera. The production of such vaccines encounters problems related to the economic hardships faced by individuals, governments and companies. Animal vaccination is less regulated than human vaccination. Vaccines are divided into conventional vaccines and next-generation vaccines. Animal vaccines have proven to be the most cost-effective and sustainable method of controlling infectious diseases in animals. The animal vaccine industry was valued at $7 billion in 2017 and is projected to reach $9 billion by 2024

To learn more about animal Vaccination , visit:

brainly.com/question/10854985

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Explain how neurons communicate. Include a description of the action potential and how the action potential is converted into a
suter [353]

Answer:

Action potentials and chemical neurotransmitters.

Explanation:

Neurons communicate with each other via electrical events called ‘action potentials’ and chemical neurotransmitters.  At the junction between two neurons (synapse), an action potential causes neuron A to release a chemical neurotransmitter.  The neurotransmitter can either help (excite) or hinder (inhibit) neuron B from firing its own action potential.

In an intact brain, the balance of hundreds of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to a neuron determines whether an action potential will result.  Neurons are essentially electrical devices. There are many channels sitting in the cell membrane (the boundary between a cell’s inside and outside) that allow positive or negative ions to flow into and out of the cell.  Normally, the inside of the cell is more negative than the outside; neuroscientists say that the inside is around -70 mV with respect to the outside, or that the cell’s resting membrane potential is -70 mV.

This membrane potential isn’t static. It’s constantly going up and down, depending mostly on the inputs coming from the axons of other neurons. Some inputs make the neuron’s membrane potential become more positive (or less negative, e.g. from -70 mV to -65 mV), and others do the opposite.

These are respectively termed excitatory and inhibitory inputs, as they promote or inhibit the generation of action potentials (the reason some inputs are excitatory and others inhibitory is that different types of neuron release different neurotransmitters; the neurotransmitter used by a neuron determines its effect).

Action potentials are the fundamental units of communication between neurons and occur when the sum total of all of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs makes the neuron’s membrane potential reach around -50 mV (see diagram), a value called the action potential threshold.  Neuroscientists often refer to action potentials as ‘spikes’, or say a neuron has ‘fired a spike’ or ‘spiked’. The term is a reference to the shape of an action potential as recorded using sensitive electrical equipment.

Neurons talk to each other across synapses. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it causes neurotransmitter to be released from the neuron into the synaptic cleft, a 20–40nm gap between the presynaptic axon terminal and the postsynaptic dendrite (often a spine).

After travelling across the synaptic cleft, the transmitter will attach to neurotransmitter receptors on the postsynaptic side, and depending on the neurotransmitter released (which is dependent on the type of neuron releasing it), particular positive (e.g. Na+, K+, Ca+) or negative ions (e.g. Cl-) will travel through channels that span the membrane.

Synapses can be thought of as converting an electrical signal (the action potential) into a chemical signal in the form of neurotransmitter release, and then, upon binding of the transmitter to the postsynaptic receptor, switching the signal back again into an electrical form, as charged ions flow into or out of the postsynaptic neuron.

4 0
3 years ago
Why is the process of blister formation a good example of the relationship between the skin's structure and function?
pentagon [3]

Answer:

The blister formation process is an excellent illustration of the connection between the structure and function of the skin because it covers the tissue below, <u>protects it from further harm and allows it to cure. </u>

Fluid collects from the upper layers of the skin (the epidermis) to the lower layers (the dermis).

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Which of the following adrenal hormones is secreted by chromaffin cells?
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