The four archetypes
The Persona
The persona is how we present ourselves to the world. The word "persona" is derived from a Latin word that means "mask." It is not a literal mask, however.
The persona represents all of the different social masks that we wear among various groups and situations. It acts to shield the ego from negative images. According to Jung, the persona may appear in dreams and take different forms.
The Shadow
The shadow is an archetype that consists of sex and life instincts. The shadow exists as part of the unconscious mind and is composed of repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings.
The shadow forms out of our attempts to adapt to cultural norms and expectations. It is this archetype that contains all of the things that are unacceptable not only to society but also to one's own personal morals and values. It might include things such as envy, greed, prejudice, hate, and aggression.
The Anima or Animus
The anima is a feminine image in the male psyche, and the animus is a male image in the female psyche.5 The anima/animus represents the "true self" rather than the image we present to others and serves as the primary source of communication with the collective unconscious.
The Self
The self is an archetype that represents the unified unconsciousness and consciousness of an individual.
Creating the self occurs through a process known as individuation, in which the various aspects of personality are integrated. Jung believed that disharmony between the unconscious and the conscious mind could lead to psychological problems. Bringing these conflicts into awareness and accommodating them in conscious awareness was an important part of the individuation process.
Is a part of epistemology<span> that attempts to understand the justification of </span>propositions<span> & </span><span>beliefs</span>
Social Darwinism is the theory that B) life consists of competitive struggles in which only the strong survive. This theory applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to the social and political world. Those who supported this idea believe that in the social realm it is the responsibility of individuals to succeed and that those who are strong enough will and those that are not will fail. Those that support this theory did not support government programs to help the poor and other socially beneficial government policies.
Tom refused to accept Sam's input and change his attitude. Interestingly, the input provided by Sam further strengthened Tom's initial attitude. This is an example of a: <u>contrast effect</u>.
<u>Explanation</u>:
A contrast effect is the term used in psychology to explain the aggravation or decline, cognition or related performance as a result of consecutive or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension.
The type of contrast depends upon the how the participant considers a situation. There are two types of contrast effect. They are
i) Positive contrast effect
ii) Negative contrast effect
In the above scenario, Tom and Sam were discussing about the tax rates. Conflict arises between them when Sam objects Tom’s view on tax rates. Tom got aggravated and strengthened his attitude.
