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D. on the surface, directly above the focus
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During the asexual reproduction, bacteria can divide simply by binary fission in which one bacteria first replicate its genetic material and the cell divide in two daughter cells which are identical to the parent cell.
Asexual reproduction does not allow genetic variation therefore to get genetic variation bacteria can use conjugation, transformation and transduction process.
In conjugation, bacteria gets extra genetic material from other bacteria through sex pills. In transduction the genetic material enters into the bacterial cell through the virus then bacteria incorporate this genetic material in its genome.
In transformation, bacteria takes up the extra genetic material from it's surrounding. Therefore conjugation, transduction, and transformation helps bacterial to gain variation like as in sexual reproduction.
Loss of Arctic ice affects the sustainability of human population negatively. Arctic ice helps cool the planet down as 80% of light that hits it is reflected. Extreme temperatures as well as a list of other affects of climate change hurt the sustainability of human populations.