Answer:
X-ray crystallography diffraction imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging and frozen electron microscopy three-dimensional reconstruction technology.
Explanation:
http://www.creative-biostructure.com/protein-crystallization-and-structure-determination_13.htm
Answer:
You'll have to post a picture of the problem in order for me to be able to answer the question
Explanation:
Answer:
Somatic hypermutation is a process in which point mutations build up in the antibody V-regions of both the heavy and light chains.
This process occurs at rates that are about 106-fold higher than the background mutation rates observed in other genes.
It allows B cells to mutate the genes that they use to produce antibodies. This then ensures the B cells to produce antibodies that are better able to bind to bacteria, viruses and other infections.
Discontinuous variation is when a trait is seen in a population in two or more different forms and there is no continuation along a gradient. A good example that Mendel studied is flower color. The flowers were either white or purple. There was no in between color. This is caused by an allele for purple or a lack of an allele for purple, which produces no pigment, or white.
