Answer:
B) It was a major achievement when it was declared "separate but equal" was unconstitutional.
Explanation:
Prior to the Brown v. the Board of Education Supreme Court case in 1954, there was a a doctrine in American Constitution law known as "separate but equal". This doctrine allowed people to be segregated by race in public facilities such as schools, trains and bars, as long as the quality of service remained the same.
The Supreme Court in the Brown v. the Board of Education case, ruled that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Therefore, the "separate but equal" doctrine which supported black and white students attending different public schools, was rendered unconstitutional.
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the southern United States. These laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white southern democrat dominated state legislatures to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by black people during the reconstruction period.
the answer is: A cognitive psychologist enrolls undergraduate students for a computer-based study about the effect of mood on problem-solving behaviors.
Here the requirement for research with human subjects according to the Fed :
"Obtains information or biospecimens through intervention or interaction with the individual, and uses, studies, or analyzes the information or biospecimens; or Obtains, uses, studies, analyzes, or generates identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens."
The experiment on this ption fulfill the criteria because:
- The experiment should use studies or analytics to obtain some sort of private information from the subjects. (such as their mood)
- The experiment should make some sort of intervention that can be used to measure its hypothesis. (in the case above, the researchers could put the subject under a certain level of stress before telling them to solve a set of problems)
- The researchers need to interact with the subject in a certain way. (since the researchers meet the undergraduate directly, it's considered as an interraction)
Stare decisis is a legal doctrine that necessitates courts to follow historical cases when creating a ruling on a similar current or future case. Stare decisis safeguards that cases with identical facts be approached in the same way, except overruled by the same court or a higher court such as the US Supreme Court. Simply put, it binds courts to follow legal precedents set by previous decisions. Stare decisis is a Latin term meaning "to stand by that which is decided". The US common law system has a integrated system of determining legal matters from the principle of stare decisis and precedent. A past ruling or judgment on any circumstance is known as a precedent. Stare decisis commands that courts look to precedent when overseeing an on-going case with similar circumstances.
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