An earthquake hits a small island. All but a few individuals of a lizard species are eliminated in this catastrophe, and an allele is lost from the population. This is an instance of the bottleneck effect.
Natural events like an earthquake catastrophe which eliminates, by chance, a large number of individuals of a population, can amplify the phenomenon of genetic drift. It is termed as the bottleneck effect. It leads to the elimination of a large part of the genome abruptly.
Immediately, the survivors' genetic composition becomes the whole population's genetic composition, which might be very distinct from the population that existed before the catastrophe.
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