Not all acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols to alkyl halides proceed through the formation of carbocations. Primary alcohols and methanol react to form alkyl halides under acidic conditions by an SN2 mechanism.
Not all acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols to alkyl halides proceed through the formation of carbocations. Primary alcohols and methanol react to form alkyl halides under acidic conditions by an SN2 mechanism.
In these reactions the function of the acid is to produce a protonated alcohol. The halide ion then displaces a molecule of water (a good leaving group) from carbon; this produces an alkyl halide:
Again, acid is required. Although halide ions (particularly iodide and bromide ions) are strong nucleophiles, they are not strong enough to carry out substitution reactions with alcohols themselves. Direct displacement of the hydroxyl group does not occur because the leaving group would have to be a strongly basic hydroxide ion:
We can see now why the reactions of alcohols with hydrogen halides are acid-promoted.
Carbocation rearrangements are extremely common in organic chemistry reactions are are defined as the movement of a carbocation from an unstable state to a more stable state through the use of various structural reorganizational "shifts" within the molecule. Once the carbocation has shifted over to a different carbon, we can say that there is a structural isomer of the initial molecule. However, this phenomenon is not as simple as it sounds.
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Answer:
sicl - Silty clay loam: 27 to 40 percent clay and less than 20 percent sand. sc - Sandy clay: 35 percent or more clay and 45 percent or more sand. sic - Silty clay: 40 percent or more clay and 40 percent or more silt. c - Clay: 40 percent or more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent silt.
I hope that helps somewhat, sorry
Explanation:
Compound: a substance that is made up of more than 1 type of atom bonded together Example: H2O
Mixture: combination of two or more elements or compounds not chemicaly bonded together. example: Sugar and salt in one container
elements pure substance of an atom. Example: hydrogen
