The ancient society that observed monotheism, belief in only one god is option b) Jews.
The Jews have been believing that the supreme power is only one and hence have been practicing monotheism. They have been long since ages followed this tradition along with Islam, Christianity, Judaism etc.
Monotheism is the tradition of believing one god or one power different from that of polytheism. However, it is not the oneness but the uniqueness that counts in monotheism. Many at times it is considered as just numbers, as one god vs many gods or goddess. This it oversimplified and is mistaken often by people.
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