Business ethics Padding an expense account and save documents with record
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Answer:
1) The yield to maturity is required rate of return on a bond expressed as a nominal annual interest rate. For noncallable bonds, the yield to maturity and required rate of returns are interchangeable terms
2) Unlike YTM and required return, the coupon rate used as the interest rate in bond cash flow valuation, but is fixed percentage of par over the life of the bond used to set the coupon payment amount.
3) The coupon rate is constant at 10%. The YTM is 8%.
Explanation:
The knowledge of variation was critical.
Most important is understanding what is below.
It seems that most business executives were not trained on understanding processes and variation. They study how to manage people and money, but not how to listen to a process through data, and use that data to make improvements. Because many are not familiar with Dr. W. Edwards Deming’s enlightened insights on data and variation, they are unaware of the importance of process data and that different types of variation exist –and that those different types of variation require different types of responses. Deming also said, "How would they know?" If no one ever taught them (even worse if they were taught approaches that seem to work –even though in reality they sometimes do more harm than good), indeed, how would they know?
The point is this: when the wrong data is used or different types of variation go unrecognized, undiagnosed, or are confused, the resulting decisions and actions tend to increase costs, reduce quality, reduce productivity, and foster frustration throughout the organization.
Simply put, Dr. Deming emphasized in his writings, that business leaders have typically been taught to treat everything they don’t like as having a "special cause" reason as to why it happened, and thus want to investigate what one thing or person was responsible for causing the "aberration". People in general, seem to be wired and trained to go looking for THE reason that something bad or good happened. This problematic approach is often reinforced, because we can usually find "something unusual" associated with the thing we are investigating. Unfortunately, this "something unusual" is rarely the cause of the problem
Answer:
The Substitution Effect
Explanation:
Substitute goods are those goods which can be used as perfect replacement for one another to satisfy a want.
There is a direct relationship between price of a good and the demand of it's substitute. So when price of a good falls, the quantity demanded of it's substitute falls and vice versa keeping factors affecting demand other than price as constant.
Similarly, in the given case, Nike and Adidas soccer balls are perfect substitute products. So when price of Nike fell, its quantity demanded increased while the quantity demand for Adidas soccer balls reduced.
