When you compare newly proposed information to information you already know, you are using inference, which is a level of critical thinking.
Etymologically, the word "infer" means to "carry ahead." Inferences are information stages in reasoning that connect premises to logical conclusions. The dichotomy between deduction and induction in inference theory, which dates at least to Aristotle in Europe, is a classic one (300s BCE). Deduction is inference that results in logical conclusions from premises inference that are known to be true or that are presumed to be true, while the logic of correct inference is investigated. A universal conclusion is inferred by induction from specific evidence.
Inference is studied in many different domains. Researchers in the information domains of logic, argumentation studies, and cognitive psychology inference traditionally study human inference (i.e., how people draw conclusions); artificial intelligence researchers create automated inference systems to mimic human inference.
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