lev vygotsky — biological
The psychology of Lev Vygotsky has become the basis of investigation and theories in cognitive development over the several decades, especially it is recognized as Social Development Theory.
Vygotsky's ideas stress the primary role of social communication in the evolution of cognition. He strongly believed that society impersonates a pivotal role in the process of "making meaning."
Another aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is the notion that the potential for cognitive development laid upon the “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD): a level of evolution accomplished while kids involved in social behavior.
Disturbed thoughts, disturbed emotions, disturbed behaviors, disturbed impersonal and life situations, and biomedical disturbances are types of problems addressed by psychotherapy.
Answer:
For many centuries, natural law was recognized as a type of higher law that spelled out universal truths for the moral ordering of society based on a rational understanding of human nature. As a higher moral law, it gave citizens a standard for determining if the written laws and customs of their nation or any other nation were just or unjust, right or wrong, humane or inhumane. Today, natural law is not discussed very much, at least not explicitly. When mentioned at all, it is usually rejected as dangerous because it undermines existing laws or as intolerant because it is contrary to “multiculturalism,” which requires the non-judgmental acceptance of other cultures.
This negative view of natural law can be traced to Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), whose writings are largely devoted to showing the anarchy and civil wars caused by appeals to natural and divine laws above the will of the sovereign. Hobbes rejected traditional higher law doctrines and encouraged people to accept the established laws and customs of their nations, even if they seemed oppressive, for the sake of civil peace and security. His critique has been a leading cause of the demise of natural law and the acceptance of positive law as the only reliable guide for political authority.
One may be equally surprised to learn, however, that many people today embrace a different (and seemingly contradictory) view of natural law, and this too is traceable to Thomas Hobbes. For example, when conscientious people are confronted with violations of human rights—as in religious theocracies that violate women’s rights or in countries that allow sweatshops to trample on worker’s rights—they feel compelled to protest the injustice of those practices and to change them for the better. The protesters usually deny that they are following natural law, but they obviously are asserting a belief in universal moral truths that are grounded in human nature—in this case, the natural equality of human beings that underlies human rights. This understanding of higher law originates with Hobbes because he was largely responsible for transforming classical natural law into modern natural rights, thereby beginning the “human rights revolution” in thinking on natural law. How is it possible for Hobbes and his followers to embrace seemingly contradictory views of natural law, rejecting one form as intolerant, self-righteous, and anarchical, while embracing another form as the universal ideal of social justice? Let us turn to Hobbes for an answer to this puzzle, and, in so doing, uncover the sources of our modern conceptions of law, rights, and justice.
I believe the answer is: The advocates’ actions are moral because sometimes there are duties and moral laws higher than those prescribed by civil law.
Civil law tend to created based on what is generally accepted by people at the time it's created. Because of this, many civil laws that is made in the past might be seen as unjust in society today. For example, the civil laws in the past only give the right to vote in the election to Men.
According to Hinduism the Reality behind the entire Creation on all levels - physical, mental, emotional etc. is Brahman. Brahman is simultaneously the support of all that exists and the transcendental Reality. In fact Brahman is the source of consciousness and so it is beyond anything
