The United States invasion of Afghanistan occurred after the September 11 attacks in late 2001, supported by close US allies. The conflict is also known as the U.S. war in Afghanistan. Its public aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda, and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power.The United Kingdom was a key ally of the United States, offering support for military action from the start of preparations for the invasion. It followed the Afghan Civil War's 1996–2001 phase between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance groups, although the Taliban controlled 90% of the country by 2001.
U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al-Qaeda; bin Laden had already been wanted by the FBI since 1998. The Taliban declined to extradite him unless given what they deemed convincing evidence of his involvement in the 9/11 attacks and ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases and hand over other terrorist suspects apart from bin Laden. The request was dismissed by the U.S. as a meaningless delaying tactic and it launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001 with the United Kingdom. The two were later joined by other forces, including the Northern Alliance troops on the ground] The U.S. and its allies rapidly drove the Taliban from power by 17 December 2001, and built military bases near major cities across the country. Most al-Qaeda and Taliban members were not captured, escaping to neighboring Pakistan or retreating to rural or remote mountainous regions during the Battle of Tora Bora.
In December 2001, the United Nations Security Council established the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), to oversee military operations in the country and train Afghan National Security Forces. At the Bonn Conference in December 2001, Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration, which after a 2002 loya jirga (grand assembly) in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration. In the popular elections of 2004, Karzai was elected president of the country, now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.[8] In August 2003, NATO became involved as an alliance, taking the helm of ISAF.[9] One portion of U.S. forces in Afghanistan operated under NATO command; the rest remained under direct U.S. command. Taliban leader Mullah Omar reorganized the movement, and in 2002, it launched an insurgency against the government and ISAF that continues to this day.
<span>he history of South Africa is characterized by racial and political violence, territorial conflict, wars of conquest, and inter-ethnic rivalry. The aboriginal Khoi and San lived in the region for millennia. Most of the rest of the population trace their history to later immigration. Africans (also referred to as Bantu) in South Africa are descendants of migrants from central Africa, who first entered southern Africa about 2000 years ago. White South Africans are descendants of later European settlers, mainly from the Netherlands, Germany, France and Britain. The large population of Coloureds, as they were officially classified, are descended at least in part from all of these groups, as well as from slaves imported from Madagascar, East Africa and the then Dutch East Indies.
The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the 19th Century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region, propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian-based economy towards industrialization and the development of urban infrastructure. The discoveries also led to new conflicts including open warfare between the Boer settlers and imperial Britain.
South Africa was under an official system of racial segregation and white minority rule from 1948 known as Apartheid, until its first egalitarian elections on 27 April 1994, when the African National Congress came to power and dominated the politics of the country in alliance with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.</span><span />
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<span>The field of study in which developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people's intentions, desires, beliefs, feelings, and so on is referred to as theory of mind.
</span>The term 'theory of mind<span>' was coined by US psychologist David Premack in a famous article (Premack and Woodruff 1978) .
</span><span>It denotes the ability to recognize and attribute mental states — thoughts, perceptions, desires, intentions, feelings.</span>
Because they love the person still, think they can change and the person can and the person doesn't understand that they are in an abusive relationship so they don't know to leave
