Answer:
b) 7 degrees
Explanation:
The brain scanning techniques like CT and MRI have the reference lines like IOML or Infraorbitomeatal line and OML or Orbitomeatal line. These lines act as the standard reference during the CT techniques based on X-Rays.
The OML line passes through the centre of the external auditory meatus and the canthus of the eye whereas the line drawn between the external acoustic meatus to the infraorbital margin. These lines are used to adjust the positions of the cranium or the skull during the Radio-imaging process. The difference formed between these lines approximately lies between 7-8 degrees.
Thus, 7 degrees is the correct answer.
L.S. is brought to the emergency department for management of acute mushroom poisoning. Her respirations are slow and shallow, and she is nonresponsive. She is admitted to the critical care unit to be closely monitored for the development of respiratory failure and renal failure, which often accompany mushroom poisoning. Her urine output is decreased to about 20 ml/hr. Her laboratory values are serum K+ = 5.7 mEq/L; arterial blood gases (ABGs): pH = 7.13, PaCO2 = 56 mm Hg, PaO2 = 89 mm Hg, HCO3- = 18 mEq/L.
1A. What is the most likely cause of L.S.’s potassium imbalance? Explain the role of the kidney in potassium excretion
Answer: L.S. is experiencing a intrarenal acute renal failure in the category of tubular necrosis (due to ingested mushroom toxins).
The kidneys helps to maintain the electrolyte concentrations by filtering electrolytes and water from blood, routing some to the blood, and excreting any excess into the urine.
Therefore, the kidneys help to maintain a balance between daily consumption and excretion of electrolytes and water.
Explanation:
Daily variations in potassium excretion are controlled mainly by changes in secretion in distal and collecting tubules.
• Maintaining potassium balance depends primarily on renal excretion which is determined by:
• the rate of potassium filtration
• the rate of potassium reabsorption by the tubules o the rate of potassium secretion by the tubules
i.e. About 65% the filtered potassium is reabsorbed the proximal tubule and another 25% to 30% in the ascending loop of Henle.
With out the salt the vein would take in too much water and burst.
After the depolarization wave front passes through the atria, it enters that AV node which is located at the apex of the triangle of Koch. It would be the AV node that <span>collects the depolarization wave from the atria to pass it onto the ventricles. Hope this answers the question.</span>
