Answer: 4. Examined natural laws governing the universe
Explanation: What was certainly not done by scientists during the Scientific Revolution or by philosophers during the Enlightenment are the second and third options. The reason for this was that both were opposed to the teaching of the Catholic Church as a divine dogma that had an impact on both the order and political systems in the states and on scientific thought. That because the Church supported the monarchism and rule of a sovereign, the king, which was contrary to the principles of the Enlightenment, as well as scientific theories that were completely contrary to the scientific principles of the Scientific Revolution.
With regard to the first option, it can be said that medieval thinkers showed progress in relation to Church Dogmas, because they accepted and restored ancient philosophical teachings, art, humanism, which is contrary to the teaching of the Church and somewhat in line with the Enlightenment mentioned. This is otherwise the period when, among other things, the Renaissance occurs, which preceded and contributed to the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution. Medieval thinkers are known to have been influenced by Christianity as well, such as Thomas Aquinas, for example, while the Enlightenment interpreted the creation and presence of God in nature differently. Scientists of the Scientific Revolution also based all scientific laws on scientific principles and theories, laws that govern nature and the cosmos, therefore not on divine principles.
What is thus similar if not the starting point, though not strictly, of both the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution is that natural laws rule nature and the universe, and have studied them. During the Scientific Revolution, the beginning of modern science is thought to have originated. Separate disciplines such as mathematics, physics, and others were developed separately from philosophy and Christianity, so that science would completely replace Christian teachings and thus pave the way for modern science. Not only did the natural laws rule the universe, but also social arrangements, because on the basis of the rule of natural rather than divine rights, the Enlightenment created and implemented the idea of such a civil state, which is established on the natural rights of its citizens.
