Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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Igneous. Igneous forms when lava cools off. :)
Answer:
Decomposers
Explanation:
Decomposers eat decaying or dead organisms to produce the nutrients.
Arthritis is a term that is initially used to describe inflammation of the joints. Cartilage is a type of body tissue that keeps joints moving freely and functional well, and when they begin to break down or get inflamed, the joints don’t work as well, and it becomes painful to move
Answer: Option A and D.
Soups chemical synaptic transmission.
Sparks direct electrical transmission.
Explanation:
Intercellular communication refers to the communication and interaction that exists between two cells in the body. It could be hormonal or synaptic transmission.
Synapse is the site where electric nerve impulses are transmitted between two nerve impulses.
There are two synapse possibilities which are electrical and chemical.
The Sparks and soups mean that the scientific discovery over the transmission of nerve impulses as to whether they are electrical impulses (Sparks) or chemical impulses(soup).
Chemical synaptic transmission means there is no physical touch in the space chemical are released and move to the neighbouring cells.
Electrical transmission means neuron physically touch and give way for flow of impulses between cells.
