A Protein Pump :- Protein pumps use energy from hydrolysis of ATP to move ions or large molecules across cell membrane.
Purpose of a Protein Pump :- In a Protein Pump the proteins help in active transport of molecules. Example, Membrane proteins are very specific and help in active transport. These proteins are positioned to cross the membrane so one part on the inside of the cell and one part is on the outside of the cell. Only when they cross the bilayer(cell membrane) they are able to move molecules and ions in and out of the cell.
Need for a Protein pump to work :- In active transport, A protein pump changes its shape when allows movement of molecules and therefore requires energy in the form of ATP. They use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move ions or small molecules across a membrane.
Summary. Enzymes are catalysts that, within the mild conditions of temperature, pH, and pressure of the cells, carry out chemical reactions at amazing high rate. They are characterized by a remarkable efficiency and specificity. Substrates are the substances on which enzymes act.
Answer:
The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, biosynthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle of photosynthesis are the chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.
Explanation:
There are so many examples for that in different areas, like biology experiment carried out in our lab recently.
Here's one link : https://www.creative-biogene.com/Services/Biosimilar-Cell-Line-Development.html