Answer:
Explanation:
Action potential
It is the potential or power or electrical energy required to generate impulses and provides communication between the neurons is called action potential. Normally cell membrane consists of potential is called resting membrane potential() -70mV. The action potential is due to exchange of different ions across the membrane.
Phases of the action potential in a neuron are
i. Depolarization- it is caused by the influx of sodium and calcium ions through the opening of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. sodium ion influx is rapid than the calcium ions membrane potential -70mV to +30mV.
ii. Repolarization - It causes the efflux of potassium ions into the cell through the opening of potassium channels. the membrane returning to resting membrane potential.
iii. After- Hyper polarization - in this stage the potassium channels remain open and causes re polarization and comes to normal membrane potential.
The generation of impulses(depolarization) in neuron mainly depends on influx sodium and calcium ions without these ions, no action potential developed and neuron firing does not occur.
If the drugs inhibit these channels, no depolarization, no action potential, no neuronal firing or communication.
The channels involved in an action potential are voltage-gated sodium channels, potassium channels, and calcium channels.
The action potential is required for transmission of information one are to another area in the body.
The responses to different stimuli is due to action potential.
Answer:Education, work with Church and Spread of Christianity are what helped to unify the Carolingian Empire.
Explanation: Carolingian Empire can be described as an empire in western and central Europe in the middle ages.
Charlemagne was the first Frankish king who united most of the territories of Western and central Europe. He dashed or gave out money and land to the Christian church and protected the popes, He built a school in his palace and employed the best teachers to teach in the school.
Natural resources have a double-edge effect on economic growth, in that the intensity of its use raises output, but increases its depletion rate. ... Natural resources have limited direct economic use in satisfying human needs but transforming them into goods and services enhances their economic value to the society.
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