<span><span>anonymous </span> 3 years ago</span>Proteins are involved in almost all of the cell's functions. They can act as:
Transportation: they can transport hydrophobic molecules in blood for example
Regulation: protein hormones and enzymes
Receptor: can act as receptors on cell surface and in the subsequent signal transduction (G-protein for instance)
It is true that all proteins are made up of up to 20 amino acids, but there are several reasons for their diverse actions:
-One reason is the possible sequence and number of amino acids: Met-Ser-His is different from Met-His-Ser for example. Besides, you have different chain length, for a protein is made up of long chain of polypeptide (longer than 50-70 amino acids) and can have any of the 20 amino acids with repetition, so using simple probability, this can provide up to practically unlimited combination with proteins that have chains of thousands of amino acids.
-Another very crucial reason for the diversity of protein action is the conformation. A protein passes by at least 3 conformational stages before becoming mature. The straight amino acid chain is the primary structure of the protein that can never be active. Spatial modification of this primary structure results in a secondary structure, Helix or Beta-pleated sheets (or other coiling structure), that is also inactive. Further coiling and bending of the secondary structure produce a 3-dimentional conformation that is the active form of the protein. Moreover, many proteins can undergo further conformational rearrangement and combination with other protein sub-units producing a quaternary structure.
A fertilized egg is called a zygote until it divides into 16 cells, forming a ball-shaped structure called a morula. The events during the zygote stage involve the integration of both parents' DNA into the cell nucleus and the beginning of rapid cell division, or cleavage.
I think Acetic acid will be produced if wine is aerated and inoculated with bacteria of the genera acetobacter and gluconobacter. Acetobacter is a genus of acetic acid bacteria. This bacteria is used for the mass production of Acetic Acid, the main component in vinegar. Gluconobacter is also a genus of the acetic acid bacteria family.
The main responsible for the delay among the atrial and
ventricular contractions is the action potential conduction velocity of the AV
node cells. If the atria and ventricles contract simultaneously, atria cannot
give any help in filling the ventricles, which is needed, especially in those
with stiff ventricles as in the elderly. Hence atria have to contract first and
then the ventricles.
