Question

It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. this illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. extrinsic motivation modeling biological constraints cognitive maps

Answer 1

I beleive the answer is: biological predispositions

Biological predispositions refers to The internal qualities that organisms have which allow them to do some sort of activities.
Other examples of how biological predispositions affect training would be when it is much more easier to teach chimps sign language compared to teching dogs.