The ends of the actin filaments are anchored to the Z-line or disk.
The sarcomere is the primary functional unit of muscle fiber. It is flanked by a Z-band on each end with adjoining I-bands. The Z-band or disk is a dense fibrous structure composed of actin, α-actinin as well as other proteins.
Thin filaments or actin filaments are anchored at one end at the Z-band. Titin is connected to both the Z-band and the M-line. Thick filaments are attached in the middle of the sarcomere at the M-line.
An intermediary filament protein forms a meshwork from one Z-disk to the next across the myofibril. These networks are joined by actin through the protein dystrophin to the sarcolemma.
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As many researchers hypothesize that the old single-celled organism or the origin of the complex-celled organisms came from the endosymbiosis of the mitochrondrion organism and the prokaryotic cell. It has been said that mitochondria was an independent organism which then to have been evovled itself after planting itself inside a prokaryotic cell which aided cellular respiration and production of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). This then aided the prokaryotic cell to be more sophisticated and caused another change from having without a true nucleus to a eukaryotic cell with a nucleus and embedded DNA.
A pyramid of biomass illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter at each trophic level.
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