<span>proton gradient</span> establishment
Chemiosmosis is the process that allows the diffusion of a
molecule or an atom through the membrane. Also, it is the movement of ions
across semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradients. In chloroplast,
chemiosmotic coupling is an important factor in ATP production through proton
gradient establishment.
Answer is hypertonic.
The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis is known as its tonicity. Tonicity is concern for all living things, especially in in organisms lacking cell wall, <em>Paramecium</em> is one such protozoan. It has specialized structures called contractile vacuoles. A contractile vacuole collects excess water from the cell and release it out, keeping the cell from lysing as it takes on water from extracellular environment which hypotonic (a lower osmolarity than the cell’s cytoplasm) as compared to hypertonic environment inside <em>Paramecium</em>.
Answer:
Lamproptera meges, the green dragontail, is a species of swallowtail butterfly (family Papilionidae) found in parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. There are ten subspecies. A specimen from Java is the type species of the genus.
Answer:
1. Supplying
2. Taking
Explanation:
Food chain is a linear relationship between organisms that depicts the flow of energy from one organism to another. In a food chain, organisms are arranged in trophic levels where arrows pointing to the right direction (➡) are used to show that the organim the arrow is pointing to eats the organism behind it.
Hence, according to this question, arrows in a food chain point from the organism SUPPLYING the energy to the organism TAKING the energy.
