Question: Is the pre-synaptic or the post-synaptic neuron damaged? Explain your rationale in detail (in other words, detail how you came to your conclusion). You're going to have to really think on this one. It's not something you can look up in the text. You will need to use what you have learned about the autonomic nervous system and some critical thinking to arrive at the answer.
Horner's Syndrome riddle: Ach is the neurotransmitter at all ANS preganglionic fibers, including SNS. The pt has decreased sweating and pupil constriction, indicating blockage of SNS transmission. When the MD gave ACh it induced sweating, but not pupil dilation. This is because the sweat glands are an exception in normal SNS transmission, as the postganglionic fibers utilize ACh as their neurotransmitters. Other SNS pathways utilize NE as their neurotransmitter. So ACh acted directly on the sweat gland to produce sweating, but could not stimulate the typical postsynaptic neurons to release NE. When the MD gave NE he saw pupil dilation, but not sweating, indicating the NE worked directly at the iris to produce pupil dilation. This indicaates the problem was with the postsganglionic neuron. If the preganglionic neuron were the problem injecting ACh would have solved both problems.
Answer:
Compound microscopes have more than one lens to generate high magnification images of flat, thin specimens. There are three major structural parts of a microscope: Head, Base, and Arm. ... The light is then collected and formed an image by an objective lens. We see the magnified images through the eyepiece
Explanation:
Phosphoglycerate kinase does not catalyze an irreversible process in glycolysis under normal cellular circumstances.
Discussion about glycolysis:
- Ten stages make up the glycolysis process, seven of which are reversible and three of which are practically irreversible. These are the first, third, and final stages that are successively catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
- During the glycolysis process, glucose 6-phosphate is changed into pyruvate. Everything that happens is cytoplasmic. Fructose 6-phosphate is created by reversible isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate. Physiologically irreversible fructose 6-phosphate phosphorylation to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is performed by phosphofructokinase.
Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, and pyruvate kinase conduct nearly irreversible events during glycolysis, hence one would anticipate that these enzymes have both regulatory and catalytic functions.
So, option d i.e., phosphoglycerate kinase should be the appropriate response.
Learn more about glycolysis here:
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During the process of photosynthesis, cells use carbon dioxide and energy from the Sun to make sugar molecules and oxygen. ... Then, via respiration processes, cells use oxygen and glucose to synthesize energy-rich carrier molecules, such as ATP, and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. Which is then needed for cellular respiration.
The secretion of human growth hormones (HGH) is regulated at the genome level by genetic and epigenetic factors (environment and diet among others). And the expression of the gene of this hormone differs from one individual to another, so the quantity produced differs between individuals, which explains why we observe individuals of different sizes in a population.
Growth hormone acts by interaction with cellular receptors, it affects carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.
A key component of growth is the growth hormone releasing factor or the growth regulating factor (GH-RF or GRF). This chemical messenger is produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. GH-RF allows the pituitary gland (the "master gland" involved in the growth process) to secrete growth hormone, the main hormone responsible for a person's growth.
GH is not only involved in growth phenomena, it also plays a role in the fine regulation of reproductive phenomena in both male and female mammals.
