The answer is unsure to me because i don't see the examples above, but I'd go with d.
Answer:
Ottoman
Explanation:
Ottoman Empire was recorded to have expanded and covered many places including Eastern Europe such as Turkey, parts of Africa such as Egypt, Southwest Asia such as Palestine, Syria, and some others within these regions.
Under the rule of King Suleiman between 1520 to 1566, was able to capture and dominates all these regions through their military might, fueled by the use of gunpowder.
Limiting factor can be birth rate or death rate
