<span>What advantage
did aerobic respiration bring to the first living creatures who proved
themselves capable of performing this process?
</span>
Answer:
One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3b binding to the surface of microbes, which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.
Explanation:
C3b binds to the surface of microbes (opsonin), and functions as a component of C3 and C5 convertases while C3a stimulates inflammation.
The alternative pathway of complement activation is triggered by the deposition of C3b on the surface of a microbe. The microbe- bound C3b binds another protein called Factor B, which is then broken down by a plasma protease called Factor D to generate the Bb fragment.
This fragment remains attached to C3b, and the C3bBb complex functions as an enzyme, called C3 convertase, to break down more C3. The C3 convertase is stabilized by properdin, a positive regulator of the complement system.
As a result of this enzymatic activity, many more C3b and C3bBb molecules are produced and become attached to the microbe. Some of the C3bBb molecules bind an additional C3b molecule, and the resulting C3bBb3b complexes function as C5 convertases, to break down the complement protein C5 and initiate the late steps of complement activation.
The main effectors of the complement system are opsonization, cell lysis and inflammation. It also stimulates B cell responses and antibody production.
Answer:
The first one is the most accurate.
The process of photosynthesis is energy storing because the process converts light energy into chemical energy which stored in the bonds of glucose.
Explanation:
Answer:
Answer
Explanation:
It cause for disasters like lost of crop which causes no food and starvation. It also causes farms to lose money and thus is limiting farming,the citizens,and even the economy .
Let's talk about coagulation to help you drop these labels:
Coagulation involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions involving coagulation factors, several of which are serine-active proteases at the active site and subjected to activations and inhibitions. The final step is the transformation of soluble fibrinogen into fibrin filaments that encircle circulating cells in their meshes. The factors of coagulation are designated by numbers from I to XIII. With the exception of the factor XIII which intervenes in the last stage of the coagulation.
Coagulation involves two pathways, one intrinsic, the other extrinsic, leading to a common final pathway.
<u>
The intrinsic pathway</u> involves the factors present in the circulation (which are factor XII, IX, and XI, they are triggered in that order. and also cofactor VIII which helps to activate the factor IX).
<u>The extrinsic pathway</u> involves the tissue factors not normally present in the circulation but which are released during a vascular lesion (thromboplastin (factor III) and factor VII).
Factor Xa is the meeting point of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The Xa, Va, Ca2 + set and a platelet phospholipid are sometimes called prothrombinase (or prothrombin activator).