When looking at a Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ), we know that neurotransmitters (NT) are released from the presynaptic cell and they then bind to the receptors that are located on the postsynaptic cell - this causes the effect of the NT being released.
So we are told that NT are still being released, however they are not having an effect. This would mean that they are probably being blocked by something - in this case, it seems that the neurotoxin is the culprit in the blocking of these receptors.
Therefore, if the NT cannot bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic cell, they are not going to have any effect, no matter how much NT is being released.
So the answer in this case is: The neurotoxin is most likely C) Blocking the receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
Answer:
the relationship between genes, proteins, and traits a gene codes for a particular protein that is involved in the expression of a trait
Explanation:
characteristics determined by single genes are called Mendelian traits
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c.) develop foreign policy regarding the sustainable use of natural resources
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Found on quizl
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Actin filaments return to their original positions (does not occur in muscle contraction, according to the sliding filament model).
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Answer:
Leptin is a protein hormone composed of 167 amino acids of the cytosine family, it is synthesized mainly by white adipose tissue. The leptin receptor is related to that of receptors for cytosines (since it uses Janus or JAK type kinases and STAT-3 proteins as intracellular mediators of transcription pathway), it is predominantly found in the hypothalamus (particularly in the arcuate nucleus and to a lesser extent in the nuclei dorsomedial and ventromedial), hippocampus and cerebellum. There is evidence that leptin acts at the level of the arcuate nucleus, preventing the formation of NPY.
Explanation:
Leptin is produced exclusively in adipose tissue cells in a wide variety of species, including humans, and its concentration is higher in overweight than in lean individuals. The biological actions of leptin can be classified into two groups, those that are exerted in the tissues of the central nervous system, mainly the hypothalamus, and those that are carried out on the peripheral tissues. The former regulate body weight downward, decrease food intake, increase basal energy expenditure and modify some neuroendocrine functions such as reproduction, while the latter have effects on proliferation, differentiation and metabolism of peripheral tissues. The leptin that reaches the hypothalamus, in addition, inhibits protein synthesis and the secretion of neurons producing NPY / AgRP of the arcuate nucleus and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of those containing POMC. NPY (neuropeptide Y) is produced in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. This neurotransmitter arrives through the projections of the neurons of said nucleus to the paraventricular nucleus, which is the area where it is released. There are several studies that have shown that an increase in NPY leads to an increase in the sensation of hunger and thus to hyperphagia and obesity. Leptin acts at the level of the arcuate nucleus, preventing the formation of NPY. The leptin receptor lacks enzymatic activity in its intracellular domain. Instead, it is linked to members of the janus kinase family, which belong to a class of tyrosine kinases. The binding of the ligand activates the Jak kinase and leads to the phosphorylation of certain cytoplasmic proteins. Within these proteins there is a class of cytoplasmic transcription factors called signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT).
