Answer:
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are one of the commonest causes of medication error in developed countries, particularly in the elderly due to poly-therapy, with a prevalence of 20-40%. In particular, poly-therapy increases the complexity of therapeutic management and thereby the risk of clinically important DDIs, which can both induce the development of adverse drug reactions or reduce the clinical efficacy. DDIs can be classify into two main groups: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. In this review, using Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and Reference lists we searched articles published until June 30 2012, and we described the mechanism of pharmacokinetic DDIs focusing the interest on their clinical implications.
Keywords: Absorption, adverse drug reaction, distribution, drug-drug interactions, excretion, metabolism, poly-therapy
Answer:
Otolaryngologists
Explanation:
They are ear doctors who can assist with hearing problems.
Answer:
Correct answer is c. It is the final electron acceptor in the aerobic respiration.
Explanation:
Oxygen is a substrate of the aerobic respiration, but it is not the only one. Glucose is also a substrate.
Oxygen is used in the cells to be the final electron acceptor, this means that receives the electrons from NADH and FADH2. That is why, when there is no oxygen available for aerobic respiration, the NADH and FADH2 cannot be oxidized and therefore remain in their reduced form. As a consequence, they cannot be re-utilized during different cellular processes that are NAD+ and FAD dependant, such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and cellular respiration. This means that the ATP synthesis stops.
Oxygen itself does not transport any electrones, this are transported by the cytochrome complex in the mitochondrial membrane. But oxygen is key in receiving those electrones, therefore a very important piece of the electron transport across the mitochondria.
Micheal might be suffering from diabetes insipidus.
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the affected person has the urge to pee a lot and feels thirsty all the time. Even though it is not directly related to diabetes, it is named as such because the affected person has symptoms similar to diabetes. The two main symptoms are polydipsia and polyuria.
Cause of Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is caused by the lack of production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is produced by the hypothalamus which then gets stored in the pituitary gland. When the person was subjected to surgery to remove the entire mass of cancer cells in the pituitary gland, the ability of the gland to store ADH could have been lost.
The ADH allows the retention of water by concentrating the urine. In a person with diabetes insipidus, the production of AHD is affected, and in very rare cases the response by the kidneys to ADH is reduced which also reduces the water reabsorption and increases urine volume.
Learn more about diabetes insipidus here:
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