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kramer
3 years ago
13

Second messengers in signal transduction pathways:

Biology
1 answer:
alukav5142 [94]3 years ago
5 0

Explanation:

a) Second messengers are intracellular signalling molecules produced by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signalling molecules. Second messengers serve to transmit signals from a receptor to a target inside the cell. They also serve to amplify the strength of the signal.

b) Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Calcium ions.

c) cAMP is involved in cAMP dependent pathway also known as adenylyl cyclase pathway. It is a signalling cascade that involves G protein coupled receptor that is used in cell communication.

Calcium ions are involved in phospholipase C pathway.

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Describe how DNA is coiled and eventually supercoiled to condense it into chromosomes.
Solnce55 [7]

Double-stranded DNA loops around 8 histones twice, forming the nucleosome, which is the building block of chromatin packaging. DNA can be further packaged by forming coils of nucleosomes, called chromatin fibers. These fibers are condensed into chromosomes during mitosis, or the process of cell division.

Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.

During DNA packaging, long pieces of double-stranded DNA are tightly looped, coiled, super coiled, and folded so that they fit easily within the cell.  This highly compacted DNA is then arranged into structures called chromosomes.


8 0
3 years ago
After watching the video, how would you define the term ecological relationship? Are they always beneficial to organisms involve
dangina [55]

Answer:

There is no video but ecological relationship will be defined on a general note and it is not always beneficial to organisms.

Explanation:

In an ecosystem, organisms of the same or different species tend to interact with one another. This interaction is referred to as ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP between the involved organisms. An ecological relationship can be of different types depending on the effect.

SYMBIOSIS is an ecological relationship between two organisms that interact together. SYMBIOSIS can either be mutualistic (both organisms benefit), parasitic (one organism loses and one gains), or commensalistic (one organism benefits and one neither benefits or loses). Another ecological relationship is PREDATION, where one organism called the PREDATOR feeds on part or all of another organism called PREY in order to obtain energy.

As stated above, some of the organisms involved in an ecological relationship benefits while others lose. Hence, it is not always a beneficial relationship to organisms.

7 0
3 years ago
Once a protein is made, its biochemical and structural properties play a role in producing ________.
nasty-shy [4]

Answer:

(D) mutant

Explanation:

Translation occurs at the ribosome, which consists of rRNA and proteins. ... Then, rRNA helps bonds form between the amino acids, producing a polypeptide chain. After a polypeptide chain is synthesized, it may undergo additional processing to form the finished protein. Learn how their functions are based on their three-dimensional structures, which ... bonds are formed by a biochemical reaction that extracts a water molecule as it joins to protein structure because these side chains can bond with one another to these stable folding patterns make up the secondary structure of a protein.  A genotype is an organism’s set of heritable genes that can be passed down from parents to offspring. The genes take part in determining the characteristics that are observable in an organism, such as hair color, height, etc. An example of a characteristic determined by a genotype is the petal color in a pea plant. Phenotype is the term used in genetics for the composite observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties, its behavior, and the products of behavior.

6 0
3 years ago
Name the 2 stages of photosynthesis
inysia [295]

Answer:

Light dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle

Explanation:

pls mark me brainliest

5 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
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Aleks [24]
Hi,
The answer should be letter B, as H2O is a compound made of two different elements in a definite proportion.
4 0
3 years ago
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