Answer:a) classical conditioning
Explanation:
For a classical conditioning to occur there must be an unconditioned stimulus first which will trigger a natural response.
There are three basic phases of this process:
Phase 1: Before Conditioning
There is a natural stimulus which triggers natural response such as when the dog start drooling at the smell of food.
Unconditioned stimulus which is food presentation is producing drooling which is an unconditioned response.
In our case unconditioned stimulus is the dog barking and unconditioned response is the fear from the boy.
At the beginning there is no neutral stimulus until the boy begins to relate unconditioned stimulus with the neutral stimulus after then the neutral stimulus will start to evoke the same feeling of fear
Phase 2: During Conditioning
This is when an individual begins to associate the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus this association between the two result to them having the same effect on an individual,the previously known neutral stimulus now becomes conditioned stimulus because it's association with the unconditioned stimulus enables it to cause the same effect on an individual. Our previous neutral stimulus in our case is the visit to grandfather.
Phase 3: After Conditioning
Now this is when the conditioned stimulus is able to act alone in evoking the same feeling caused by the unconditioned stimulus even when the UCS is now removed now this response is conditioned response, which refers to the now learned response through conditioned stimulus.
The boy now knows that going to grandfather he has always faced this barking dog and as result of this association he fears the conditioned stimulus (visiting grandfather)now even when the unconditioned stimulus (the barking dog)is no longer there .
