Are the sum of a company's profits, after dividendpayments, since the company's inception. They are also called earned surplus, retained capital, or accumulated earnings.
(EXAMPLE):
Let's assume Company XYZ has been around for five years. During this time, it reported the following net income:
Year 1: $10,000 Year 2: $5,000 Year 3: -$5,000 Year 4: $1,000 Year 5: -$3,000
Assuming Company XYZ paid no dividends during this time, XYZ's retained earnings equal the sum of its net profits since inception, or in this case, $8,000. In subsequent years, XYZ's retained earnings will change by the amount of each year's net income, less dividends.
The retained earnings statement summarizes changes in retained earnings for a fiscal period, and total retained earnings appear in the shareholders' equity portion of thebalance sheet. This means that every dollar of retained earnings means another dollar of shareholders' equity ornet worth.
A company's board of directors may apprompany's retained earnings when it want to restrict dividend distributions to shareholders. Appropriations are usually done at the board's discretion, although bondholders and other circumstances may contractually require the board to do so. Appropriations appear as a special account in the retained earnings section. When an appropriation is no longer needed, it is transferred back to retained earnings. Because retained earnings are not cash, a company mayfund appropriations by setting aside cash or marketable securities for the projects indicated in the appropriation.
Why its important
It is important to understand that retained earnings do not represent surplus cash or cash left over after the payment of dividends. Rather, retained earnings demonstrate what a company did with its profits.
Management by objectives also known as management by results is a process which is proposed by the peter drunkard in 1954. By defining the specific objectives in an organization, and how to achieve these targets.
This process helps the business organization to accomplish its objectives, by goal setting. It has a five-set process of reviewing the organizational goal
, then setting the worker objective and monitoring their progress and evaluation after giving the reward.
The word SMART is also associated with the objectives as Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic and a Time-bound process.
Answer: The correct answer is "b. production and distribution processes becoming obsolete.".
Explanation: The typical risks of a cost leadership strategy include production and distribution processes becoming obsolete because to maintain cost leadership, the production and distribution processes must always be in constant observation to modify if necessary in order to maintain competitiveness and not remain stuck attached to a production and distribution model that as a consequence of innovations in the competition may become obsolete.
