Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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<span>The female frog's reproductive system is consist of a pair of ovaries and a pair of oviducts. The ovaries are attached to the kidneys. The kidneys carry countless ova which are released to outside through the oviducts. </span><span>In the breeding season, the male and the female frogs enter into a temporary union called amplexus. The male holds the female, presses her trunk and thereby forces the female to release the eggs, the male frog then releases the sperms immediately to bring about exterior fertilization.</span>
Artificial Selection or “ Selective Breeding”. aka the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively
The answer will definitely be B) Compound Light Microscope because other cells can die from the other microscope, and their to powerful, so they can't handle it.
