Answer:
Heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain
Explanation:
The rest of the choices are true about mitochondrial chemiosmosis
Definition cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA, nucleotide
If a zebra mussel is discovered in a lake in Pennsylvania, then the ecologist would be worried because it is an invasive species. The zebra mussel is native to Ukraine and Russia, but if it has been found in Pennsylvania, than it means that it has been introduced in this area. As an invasive species, the zebra mussel can be very dangerous for the native species in the lake. The invasive species usually are more competitive for food sources than the native species, manage to reproduce quicker, bring in diseases, and the native species tend to not have defense mechanisms for them. This leads to rapid decline or even extinction in the native species, while the invasive spreads out quickly and takes over, resulting in dramatic change in the whole ecosystem.
Answer:
vaccines were designed by using new technologies (i.e., RNA-based vaccines and adenovirus-based vaccines)
Explanation:
RNA-based vaccines are vaccines based on the delivery of specific messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences that are capable of encoding only one viral protein, thereby preventing the complete viral cycle/replication. Subsequently, this protein is recognized by the immune system that generates memory immunity by synthesizing specific antibodies against this protein (in this case, the spike S protein). On the other hand, adenovirus-based vaccines are vaccines designed by inserting a transgene cassette into an adenovirus which is used as vector to produce one specific viral protein inside the host. Like mRNA vaccines, this antigenic viral protein is then recognized by the immune system in order to produce antibodies against a defined protein epitope, thereby producing memory immunity.