What do you mean but if you mean what I think you mean then you take half of the tadpoles
The early hominid stages can be differentiated from one another based on the complexity of the tools used by these species. The tool evolved along with the evolution of the humans. The more the hominids evolved by more complex their tools became. The tools made by the earliest hominids were used to fish out the termites. These tool developed and became more widely used as the humans evolved.
Hence, the answer is 'by observing the complexity of the tools'.
Many different ways, primarily through bone and muscle loss. The lack of pressure on bones causes the body to reabsorb calcium from them, weakening them and potentially causing kidney stones.
When someone is lactose intolerant, it means its intestine cannot absorb lactose, which will stay in the lumen and be consumed by intestinal bacteria and produced gases, that's why intolerant lactose people have flatulence and abdominal pain while eating food with lactose in it.
Let's go back to the question, before being consumed, lactose in the lumen intestine will attract water from the enterocytes to its side by oncotic pressure.
Do not confound oncotic pressure (which concerns macromolecules like sugar or proteins) and osmotic pressure (which concern micromolecules like small ions (sodium potassium and chloride...)).
B. Cell wall because animal cell has its non-fixed shape and plant cell has fixed shape.
