Answer:C)an antecedent
Explanation: Antecedent is preceding situation or event in which the human being tends to perform the learned behavior or nature. This type of behavior is used for the elimination of the pushing results/consequences by manipulation of the situation.
Other options are incorrect because extinction is the reduction of the something, secondary reinforcement refers to stimulus reinforce and shaping is structuring something according to the requirement .Thus the correct option is option(c).
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Answer: B) free association
Explanation:
Free association is used during therapy to identify what a person is thinking without conscious assessment, thereby removing all barriers to their thoughts and feelings. In this example, Carolyn's therapist can understand what Carolyn is thinking without any suggestions from the therapist or any censorship from Carolyn.
This technique was developed by Sigmund Freud in the 1890s as a method to replace hypnosis.
True, A pledge is a solemn "promise" to another individual to "do something". Thus, undertaking the task "promised"
I hope that makes sense. :)