Question

An example of ________ is when federal officials force state officials to implement more stringent water pollution regulations.

Answer 1

The answer is preemption. The preemption doctrine raises to the idea that a higher authority of law will move the law of a lower authority of law when the two authorities come into conflict or encounter.  When federal and state law conflict, federal law shifts, or preempts, state law, due to the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution. U.S. Const. art. VI., § 2. Preemption relates nevertheless of whether the conflicting laws come from legislatures, courts, administrative agencies, or constitutions. For instance, the Voting Rights Act, an act of Congress, anticipates state constitutions, and FDA regulations may preempt state court judgments in cases concerning prescription drugs.