Answer:
After the Chilean parliament in August 1973 declared Allende's regime illegal and ordered the armed forces to overthrow him, Augusto Pinochet (the chief of the Chilean army) stormed the seat of the executive power, during which Allende killed himself. Then, he dissolved parliament and established a ruling junta under his leadership, which retained power in the country until March 1990. He took over the presidency in December 1974 and gave his government a constitutional basis through a new constitution in 1980 (which in modified form still applies). In a second referendum in 1988, he failed to gain support for another term and resigned in favor of the Democratic candidate Patricio Aylwin. He was forced to resign as army chief in 1998 and spent the rest of his life avoiding being prosecuted for human rights violations committed during his presidency.
Answer:
Explanati1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state
2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.
3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion.
4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie
5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI
6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.
A) Hundred years war
B) Italian Wars
Italy was never a nation-state, therefore it turned into a power vacuum -The fall of Constantinople (this limited trade) -Failure of the Peace of Lodi -Sforza invited Charles VIII of France in to Italy to invade
They knew the land that they were fighting on and they had the high ground.
