The answer is "Social Learning".
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
explains the process of learning in light of the fact that individuals adopt a
socio-cognitive behavior, learning from each other in the form of observance,
copying etc. In the given case Ginger learned smoking from her parents.
The correct answer is conflict theory
According to this theory, society is in a state of constant conflict because of competition for scarce resources. As a result, social order is maintained through power as opposed to consensus. This theory can explain the reason for colonialism and how it had an impact on Africa to date
Chief executive & Commander in Chief.
This could happen during times especially hard for the nation, such as after the WWII, and when no other alternatives were really available.
For example, when Eisenhower was asked to be the president, the current president, Truman, was very unpopular. Truman was a Democrat, and the democrats did now believe he could win re-election, and as Eisenhower was very popular at the time they tried to win him over to their side. In the end however, Eisenhower run as a democrat.