In dehydration<span> synthesis </span>reactions<span>, a water molecule is formed as a result of generating a covalent bond between two monomeric components in a larger polymer. ... In our bodies, food is first hydrolyzed, or broken down, into smaller molecules by catalytic </span>enzymes<span> in the </span>digestive<span> tract.</span>
Answer:
D
Explanation:
seismographs detect waves and vibration undergroud
Answer:
The various steps in the transcription and translation process of protein synthesis are described below.
Explanation:
Proteins (made up of amino acids) have an important role in the various functioning process of an organism. Protein synthesis which takes place in the cells of an organism consists of two major processes: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
Transcription: It is the first process in protein synthesis which occurs in the cell nucleus where a single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) is created using a DNA strand and the genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to this mRNA. The steps in transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. The beginning process known as initiation occurs when an enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a promoter (region of a gene) and the DNA unwinds. One of the DNA strands acts as a template and the enzyme reads the bases in the template DNA strand.
The next step is elongation, where the RNA polymerase builds a strand of mRNA by the addition of nucleotides using complementary base pairs. Here, adenine (A) in the DNA binds to uracil (U) in the RNA. Termination is the last step in which the transcription process ends when the RNA polymerase comes across a termination sequence in the gene. Thus, the completed single-stranded mRNA detaches from DNA.
Translation: It is the second process in protein synthesis which occurs in the ribosome of the cell where the genetic information in mRNA is used to create a protein from amino acids. A triplet of nucleotides is called a codon and they define amino acids. There are 64 possible codons and the codon, AUG acts as the start codon which initiates translation in addition to specifying the amino acid methionine. In the initiation step, the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain is brought by transfer RNAs (tRNAs) to bind to the start codon of mRNA. During elongation, each type of tRNAs in the cytoplasm bound to a specific codon on the mRNA template and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain. Stop codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide.
These substances are all mutagens.
<h3>What purposes do mutagens serve?</h3>
Many mutagens are employed to kill cancer cells because they are very harmful to growing cells. Chemotherapy may involve the use of intercalating drugs like daunorubicin and doxorubicin as well as alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and cisplatin.
<h3>What consequences do mutagens have?</h3>
Additionally, lesions that increase the number of single-stranded regions in the genome may be introduced by mutagens that rapidly degrade DNA, leading to even higher frequencies of recombination.
<h3>How do mutagens cause harm?</h3>
A mutagen is a substance that can permanently alter cells' genetic material, perhaps resulting in heritable genetic harm or cancer.
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