Helper T cells are very important cells in the adaptive immunity. They are required for almost all adaptive immune responses and They also help activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages to attack infected cells.
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It flows from a high to low concentration gradient across the membrane.
A cladogram is a diagram used to represent a hypothetical relationship between groups of animals, called a phylogeny.
In this set of examples the answer is:
D) The lamprey does not have a vertical column
Lampreys have a notochord that remains throughout life, but they have primitive vertebrae made of cartilage. Lampreys have vertebral arches, but nothing resembling the vertebral bodies found in all higher vertebrates. Even the arches are discontinuous, consisting of separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body, changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in the tail region.
Answer:
Pons.
Explanation:
Inside of our brainstem, there is a structure which is called the pons, which is present besides the medulla oblongata. The pons is a significant structure in the upper part of our brainstem. It controls breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and as well as sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance.
Pons is that part of the brainstem which carries one-way communications that advise the cerebellum of voluntary motor activities initiated by the motor cortex.
