There is no set lifespan.It can live as long as the environment can support its life. However the average lifespan differs for each particular species, with an average life expectancy from a few days to a year or two.
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The heart’s electrical system is responsible for making and conducting signals that trigger the heart to beat. These signals cause the heart’s muscle to contract. With each contraction, blood is pumped throughout the body. This happens 24/7 without us having to monitor it all the time so that our heart does not stop.
B. The Threshold describes the minimum level of stimulus required to ctive a neuron. Hope that helps
In human gene therapy, a genetically modified virus (a.k.a. a viral vector) can alter the genetic variation of a cell, but not all viral vectors do.
The process often begins with the delivery of or creation of a segment of viral double stranded DNA (containing the gene you want to introduce). Then typically an enzyme known as an integrase cuts the ends of the segment of viral DNA and also cuts open the cell's DNA. Then the viral DNA is integrated/ inserted into the cell's DNA. The connecting ends are ligated together and adjusted so that the nucleotide base pairs match up.
This in the future may affect the gene pool for instance if the viral DNA (your gene) was inserted in the middle of another gene or important regulatory sequence of the cell DNA, and this alteration may be passed on into offspring and become present in the gene pool, which could have bad effects.
The effects on the gene pool really depends on what the virus ends up doing. For example, it may fix the function of a damaged gene which is the goal, and allow for a working gene to be in the gene pool, which would be good. The problem with gene therapy is that it's difficult to predict 100% what the virus will do every time it is given to a patient.
But it's very important to consider that it will only affect the gene pool if the virus is able to enter and alter germ cells (reproductive cells). If the virus, enters somatic cells (regular body cells) this will not be passed on to future generations. So viruses can be designed to avoid germ cells and avoid this gene pool issue. Also, some viral vectors use viruses that do not integrate their DNA, the cells just express the viral DNA (create the desired protein from it) and over time the viral DNA is degraded/ lost which wouldn't pose this threat.
This is long, but I hope it helped!
<span>Prokaryotes have magnetite-containing structures, nucleoid (their version of a nucleus), fimbriae.
Animals have lysosomes.
Plant cells have chloroplasts (make the plant cells green, produce energy for plants), photosynthetic membranes (produce energy for plants), cell well.
Flagella can be found in prokaryotes and animal cells but for a simpler biology class, I would put it with prokaryotes.</span>
