1)Flippases are proteins able translocate lipids from the outer leaflet( extracellular) to inner leaflet (cytosolic); They are enzymes that depend on ATP to function.
Phospholipid flippases,translocate phospholipids against a concentration gradient.
2)Floppases- move lipids from the inner leaflet (cytosolic) to inner leaflet ( extracellular). Floppases are ABC-transporters that do the opossite of the flippases.
3)scramblases- The activity of scramblases does not require energy (not ATP dependent). Their activation can result in increased symmetry between phospholipids of both leaflets of the lipid bilayer.
Scramblases translocate phosphatidylserine, preventing apoptosis and engulfment by macrophages.
One way, only. From producer and up.
~Hope this helps!
The answer is (D) convergent
Answer:
a) 2 Polynucleotide strands
