Question

What type of circuit measurement is made by placing a meter’s test leads in parallel with a deenergized component?

Answer 1

The answer is that you are measuring "resistance".

If the segment is DE-energized, which means the entire device is shut down, at that point the main thing you can quantify with the meter- probes on the two ends of the segment is its resistance. The ordinary meter measures volts, amps, and ohms. If you touch 
the probes to the two ends of the part and the circuit is empowered, at that point you measure the voltage over the component.  If the circuit is DE-energized, at that point you are  measuring the component's resistance.