The correct answer is letter B
Utility theory is widely used in economic science to explain how consumers or decision makers make their choices in the best way.
Even if it is not possible to measure the utility that a consumer attributes to a specific good, the theory seeks to compare and classify the alternatives of choice to the good.
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When Ira wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist, and that he uses to "snap" himself with it just hard enough to sting a little bit, he is using <em>aversion therapy</em>. This type of therapy expose the patient to a stimulus while at the same time, being subjected to some form of discomfort. This is done so that the patient begins to associate the discomfort with his/her own behavior, in order to decrease or completely interrupt such act. In the case of Ira, what aversion therapy would look for, is that Ira would start associating the discomfort of snapping the rubber band against his skin with talking without thinking. And by doing so, he would stop to talk without thinking.
