Both Gene and Chromosomal mutations. They can change a DNA sequence and affect generic information. Gene mutations change several nucleotides, where chromosomal mutations can change the number or structure of a whole chromosome.
Geologists have known for about 100 years that the Earth is composed of four layers; the Crust, the Mantle, the Outer Core, and the Inner Core .
Scientists still argue about the makeup of these layers and exactly how each layer interact with the other layers. We are not even sure how the layers were formed but we have some theories.
Because we can not go to the center of the earth we have to find our answers otherwise.
<span>This is what a geologist by the name of Andrija Mohorovicic did. He discovered in 1909 that earthquake waves near the surface moved slower than earthquake waves that passed through the interior of the Earth. He also noticed that the P (primary, first and strongest) waves that passed through the interior of the Earth did not do so in a straight line. These waves were bent or deflected by something! </span>
What the scientist knew was that waves of all kinds move faster and straighter through denser, more solid objects.
<span>So Mohorovicic came to the conclusion that the outside layer or Crust was made of less dense material (Rock) and the next layer, the Mantle was much denser. This would explain why the earthquake waves moved slower through the crust. </span>
<span>So by looking at the seismic waves from earthquakes the scientist learned about the crust and the mantle but they also learned about the outer and inner core. </span>
To do this you have to look at a different kind of waves, the S (secondary waves) waves that also get released by an earthquake. These S waves are slower.
<span>Beno Gutenberg , a German geologist, believed that the Outer Core must be made of a liquid because the slower S waves could not pass through this layer and in fact "bounced off" and were deflected many degrees off course. </span>
<span>The fourth layer, the Inner Core, is composed of very, very hot metals (iron and nickel) with pressures so great that the metals do not flow as a liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place like a solid. </span>
<span>Earthquake waves that reach this layer move at the greatest speeds because waves move through solids faster than through gases and liquids. </span>
This is how we know that there have to be different layers. Otherwise the behavior of the different seismic waves would not make sense.
Answer:
The DNA of an amphibian, such as a frog, is different from the DNA in a human because a frog's DNA contains a different number and sequence of nitrogenous bases (option A).
Explanation:
DNA is the molecule that contains all the genetic information of the different species of living beings, being a molecule that is present in all of them.
Although the DNA of all living beings has the same basic structure —four nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose and a phosphate group— what makes the differences between species is the length of the DNA molecule and the different sequences of nitrogenous bases present in the molecule. It is for this reason that frog DNA is different from human DNA.
The other options are not correct because:
<em> B. There are no differences in the </em><u><em>phosphate groups</em></u><em> from one species to another.
</em>
<em> C. All DNA molecules </em><u><em>contain guanine and adenine</em></u><em>.
</em>
<em> D. </em><u><em>Hydrogen bonds</em></u><em> between nitrogenous bases depend on the amount of paired bases, but are not related to differences in DNA between species.</em>
Answer: C
Explanation:
The cell duplicates its contents, including the nucleus and other organelles. Then the cell divides, each new cell has a copy of genetic material and half the cytoplasm. Offspring are genetically identical.
It is in standard notation
in scientific notation it would be is 5.4 x 10^6