Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Answer:
Topographically SN is classified into:
1. Central SN- made up of the brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral SN- made up of nerves (31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves), nerve plexuses and nerve ganglia
Structural Dpdv
1. Somatic SN \ of relationship life
2. Vegetative SN a) sympathetic- acts in unusual conditions (eg stress, fear)
b) parasympathetic- acts in normal life conditions
Explanation:
Answer:
Nervous system
Explanation:
The nervous system in humans work together to collect information about the external environment because they consist of the brain, spinal cords and neurons. They collect information from external environment and those information travels through neurons from sense organs like eyes, ears, skin e.t.c as a form of electrical impulses. When they get to the end of the neuron, a chemical called neurotransmitters are released which travels across the cells and send it to the brain, the brain then process it and interprete the signals and respond to it as stimulus.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The closer the light source the higher the amount of Oxygen gas.
Reasoning: Plants give off oxygen and according to the data the closer the light it the more bubbles there are. :)