Answer:
The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.
Explanation:
The mathematical models of Lotka-Volterra equations explain the existing interaction between species in which prey and predator influence and affect each other. The model follows a few assumptions,
- The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
- The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
- In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
- When there is no prey, the predator population decreases exponentially because of the lack of food. The predator environment is ideal, but it is limited by prey density.
- The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
- The predators affect the prey populations, inducing its decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
- The prey population also influences the predator population proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.
In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of prey items.
The parameters are always constant:
• r1: prey growth rate.
• a1: predator hunting success.
• r2: predator growth rate.
• a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.
In nature, many factors affect interactions, such as dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also, in reality, there are stochastic factors. Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.
In real situations, the compliance of the whole assumption does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, constantly changing the interaction between the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in varying circumstances for both species.
Answer:
climate, geology, abstraction, poverty
Explanation:
Climate: lack of precipitation can lead to a lack of water. That is why is rain is important.
Geology can also be a factor in the availability of water. When water goes under the ground, rocks let the water enter through and make a water depot that is saved underground.
Regular cleaning of the water. Even though in some places there is enough water because of the pollution, it can’t be used.
Abstraction: it is important to have a limit when using water. If the amount of water for use is smaller than the water we get through precipitation, the quantity will be balanced.
When the country is rich, it can provide regular water inspection, while in poor countries this can be a big problem.
A parent cell, through mitosis, will create daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as it has (diploid)
Answer:
The cells would not be able to produce energy.
Explanation:
There are aerobic cells in the human body such as nerve cells, which is a process where oxygen is used to produce ATP in much greater amounts.
They go through a process named "oxidative phosphorylation" which is where the electron transfer happens taken from the NADH and down to FADH2 and lastly to the oxygen molecules to produce ATP.
If these cells have their oxygen cut out, then oxidative phosphorylation can not proceed which blocks the formation of ATP, leaving the cells without energy to operate.
I hope this answer helps.
Answer:
1. B
2. A
3. D
Explanation:
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