Once infected cells have sensed an invading pathogen, they secrete molecules called cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines such as interferons are molecules that signal neighbouring cells and induce an antiviral state in them. These cells are then primed to resist an infection with the invading virus.
The mechanism by which genes are transferred from a donor to a recipient microorganism is called TRANSDUCTION. After transduction, the genetic makeup of the recipient cell is different.
Transduction refers to the genetic recombination mechanism by which bacteria can transfer fragments of DNA by using bacteria-infecting viruses called bacteriophages.
During transduction, a bacterial cell interacts by a conjugal bridge through which fragments of DNA are transferred to a suitable (host) recipient cell.
This mechanism (transduction) changes the genome of the host cells by generating genetic recombinants when the bacteriophages initiate a new cycle of infection.
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Answer:
Is characteristic of Diabetes.
Explanation:
Diabetes is a disorder in which blood sugar increases due to the fact that there is mechanism by which sugar enters the cell is somehow affected.
There are different types of this disorder, the most common ones are the following,
1. Diabetes type 1, is an autoimmune disorder in which the cells that are in charge of producing insulin are destroyed, as a consequence there is not enough insulin (responsible for allowing the glucose channels to open and transport glucose into the cell). Therefore, sugar remains in blood circulation. When glucose levels are too high, it starts filtering through the kidneys and ends up in the urine.
2. Diabetes type 2, is triggered by different factors, there are genetic and environmental factors that trigger this disease. In this case, cells are 'resistant' to the insulin effect, so the body reacts by secreting more insulin. As a consequence, cells in charge of secreting insulin are overworked and at the same time, the body cells keep on increasing the resistance to insulin. There is a point in which this compensation fails to work, and blood sugar rises. When the levels become high, glucose starts filtering through the kidneys and ends up in the urine.
There are more types of diabetes, such as gestational diabetes or LADA. In this cases the cause of the disease varies, but the outcome is the same, increased blood glucose levels and presence of glucose in the urine.
Bal stands for Bronchoalveolar lavage. Bal is a process in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth and then into the lungs. Fluid is squirted into a part of he lung and collected for examination. Lung diseases can be found from the process of bal.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Everywhere is a danger zone. Set limits ang a proper and calm communication can at least reduce violent act
