Western Europe--the Peace of Westphalia ended the 30 Years' War and effectively negotiated peace for Europe.
The 30 Years' War was fought over religion between Catholic and Protestant powers in an attempt to get control. The Peace of Westphalia established sovereign countries and agreed to respect the governments of those countries. Religion would no longer be fought over in Western Europe.
Who seized the Inca empire for Spain? Francisco Pizarro
When saddles were created, it was made possible for camel riders who had caravans to go for much longer and further without resting both them and the camels. This made it possible to reach places quickly and trade more efficiently, which is why the economy developed massively.
Executive over the judicial branch. The president appoints all federal judges. legislative branch must approve appointments that the president makes; the Senate must approve treaties that the president makes; and the legislative branch may investigate the executive branch.