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In addition to biology, evidence drawn from many different disciplines, including chemistry, geology, and mathematics, supports models of the origin of life on Earth. In order to determine when the first forms of life likely formed, the rate of radioactive decay can be used to determine the age of the oldest rocks (see optional problems C and D, below) exposed on Earth’s surface. These are found to be approximately 3.5 billion years old. The age of rocks can be correlated to fossils of the earliest forms of life. A. The graph compares times of divergence from the last common ancestor based on the fossil record with a "molecular time" constructed by comparing sequences of conserved proteins to determine a mutation rate (after Hedges and Kumar, Trends in Genetics, 2003). Explain how such a molecular clock could be refined to infer time or the evolution of prokaryotes. B. Using a molecular clock constructed from 32 conserved proteins, Hedges and colleagues (Battistuzzi et al., BMC Evol. Biol. 2004) estimated the times during which key biological processes evolved. A diagram based on their work is shown. Connect the time of the origin of life inferred from this diagram with the age of the oldest fossil stromatolites and the age of the oldest exposed rock to show how evidence from different scientific disciplines provides support for the concept of evolution. Evaluate the legitimacy of claims drawn from these different disciplines (biology, geology, and mathematics) regarding the origin of life on Earth. The oldest known rocks are exposed at three locations: Greenland, Australia, and Swaziland. The following application of mathematical methods provides essential evidence of the minimum age of Earth.
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c is the answer............
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Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by- products and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process.
When Amanda poured some of the liquid in a test tube, she noticed that the edges of the water curved upward, which is an example of adhesion.
When Pol filled another test tube to the top, the liquid formed a low dome, which is evidence of cohesion.
When Amanda added table salt to the first test tube and shook it, she noted that the liquid had dissolved the solute.
All of these observations indicated the presence of covalent bonds.
Pol determined that the pH of the sample is 7, which shows the sample is neutral.
Based on all of the evidence Amanda and Pol gathered, the unknown liquid is water.
A protein domain is a conserved part of a given protein sequence and (tertiary) structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. Each domain<span> forms a compact three-dimensional structure and often can be independently stable and folded.
On the other hand, a motif is a </span>distinctive sequence<span> on a protein or DNA, having a three-dimensional structure that allows binding interactions to occur. Early on, clustering was used to detect common three-dimensional structural motifs in </span>proteins<span>.
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