The buffer was too acidic i.e when a blood film is viewed through the microscope, the RBCs appear redder than normal, the neutrophils are barely visible, and the eosinophils are bright orange.
<h3>What are buffer used for?</h3>
Buffers are employed to keep the pH of a solution steady because they can neutralize little amounts of extra acid or base. There is a specific pH range for a certain buffer solution and a predetermined amount of acid or base that can be neutralized before the pH changes. The buffer capacity is the maximum amount of acid or base that can be supplied to a buffer without causing a pH change.
As a pH value greater than 7.8 or lower than 6.8 might result in mortality, human blood contains a buffer of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) to keep blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.
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Answer:
they absorb moisture from the air
All stem cells—regardless of their source—have three general properties: they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types. Stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods.
This information is not enough to tell which of the traits-blood group A or O is dominant.
It is known that blood groups A and B are codominant, which means both will express if found together in a heterozygote. However, blood group O is recessive. But from this information, you can conclude that blood group O is dominant. Why is that so?
Let's imagine that father's genotype is AA and mothers' genotype OO and cross them:
Parents: AA x OO
Offspring: AO AO AO AO
Since we have information that daughter has blood group O, we can conclude that O is dominant over A and mask it. This is not true! In this case, the daughter will have blood group A.
Mother's genotype surely is OO (because O allele is recessive, so to express a recessive trait both alleles must be recessive). But, the father cannot be AA, because it must give O allele to the daughter so she can have genotype OO and blood group O. So, the father's genotype is AO. Let's take a look at that crossing:
Parents: AO x OO
Offspring: AO AO OO OO
Thus, in this case, daughter can have genotype OO and blood group O.
Answer:
Answer is option C.
"This drug sometimes provides a complete cure of inflammatory bowel disease.''
Explanation:
- Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that is caused by autoimmune or genetic factors. It affects any part of the gastrointestinal tract (from the mouth to the anus) and causes abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, weight loss, etc.
- There is no known cure for Crohn's disease, but therapies can bring about long-term remission by greatly reducing the symptoms. For patients who have not had success with other medical therapies, Infliximab (Remicade) is used.
- Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to and neutralizes a key biologic response mediator called tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on the cell membrane and blocks its activity by destroying TNF-α producing cell, thus decreasing inflammation.
- For Crohn’s Disease, the FDA approved dose for adults is 5 mg/kg IV at 0, 2 and 6 weeks, then every 8 weeks.
- The common adverse reactions include urinary tract infections, upper respiratory infections and infusion-related reactions such as headache, fevers, chills, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, hives, rash, shortness of breath, hypotension or hypertension, anaphylaxis, pruritus, convulsions, etc.
- Patients treated with infliximab are at increased risk for developing serious infections such as tuberculosis, fungal infections (histoplasmosis, candidiasis, blastomycosis, pneumocystosis, etc), bacterial, viral and other infections due to pathogens like Legionella and Listeria.
