Answer:
The correct answer is: b).
Explanation:
- Oil or solid fat is composed of long chains made up of hydrocarbons (fatty acids).
- The fatty acid can be:
- Saturated - in which all the carbon atoms in the long hydrocarbon chain are linked to each other by single bonds. As a result of this there is a tight packing between the fatty acid molecules which gives them a solid texture at room temperature.
- Unsaturated - in which there are one or more double or triple bonds in between carbon atoms in the long hydrocarbon chain. As a result of this kinks or bends develop in the fatty acid chain which results in generation of space or gap in between fatty acid chains. This gives the fatty acid the capability to move as a result of which they have a liquid texture at room temperature.
- Hydrogenation is a process by which the unsaturated fatty acids (oil) are converted to saturated fatty acid (margarine) by reducing the multiple bonds in between the carbon atoms with hydrogen.
- Hydrogenated oil has a higher melting point and so it is solid at room temperature.
- Hydrogenated oil can also cause clogging in the arteries as they cannot be easily broken down due to their increased stability.
They use their skin to do gas exchange
The right answer is: The antibodies mistakenly identify the cells as foreign material.
The role of an antibody is to recognize a foreign antigen in order to neutralize it. They can achieve this thanks to the great specificity of their paratope, which recognizes only a very precise part of the antigen: the epitope. As soon as an antibody recognizes an epitope, the B lymphocyte that codes for that specific antibody multiplies and matures in order to synthesize the same antibodies, useful in large quantities.
The phenomenon described in the question is an autoimmunity mediated by autoantibodies.
An autoantibody is an antibody produced by the immune system and directed against one or more proteins of the individual himself
Many autoimmune diseases are due to the presence of these autoantibodies, but the presence of autoantibodies is not necessarily synonymous with such a disease.
Some scientists say that they could have a beneficial role in cleaning up cell debris resulting from a disease.
The way in which these autoantibodies are produced, their precise role, and the reason why they decrease in individuals with certain diseases, are all issues that remain unresolved.
The best way for adolescent to build and protect his or her bones is to ingest food products that are rich in calcium for it is known to make bones stronger. Another way is to be able to do exercise as a daily routine so that the bones are exercised every day to prevent bone disease, this will stenghten the bones and make them more stronger.
Answer:
third and fourth trophic levels
Explanation:
